Addressing Power And Political Struggles On Organizational...

Addressing Power Political Issues in the Collaborative Structure through Empowerment A healthy organizational culture paves the way for cohesiveness and productivity. At times, companies will face the reality of power and political struggles due to competing individual interests. These struggles can create unhealthy organizational culture that prevents a business from being efficient and effective and thwart creativity. This is detrimental to businesses that thrive on creativity and innovation. This paper begins with an introduction of Apple Inc. and the leadership role available to address the power and political struggles that nurtures unhealthy organizational culture which is preventing the organization from reaching its potential. Then, an overview of the current research theories on empowering leadership and its effect on organizational culture is discussed. The discussion is followed by an analysis of the influence of leadership on organization effectiveness; including the influence leadership can have on addressing the issues of power struggles and corporate politics which disrupt organizational goals. This paper concludes with recommendations on how to use honest and ethical tactics to influence and empower team members and subordinates to become more productive and increase Apple Inc.’s organization effectiveness. Apple Inc. The Organization Apple Inc., more commonly referred to as just Apple, is a multinational technology company headquartered in California.Show MoreRelatedExplore Academic Governance. According To Bolman And Deal1561 Words   |  7 Pagespossibilities. The purpose of this paper was to discuss alternative organizational models of academic governance, the unique character of the organizations educators serve, and reflect on my organization’s academic governance. 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Additionally, the organization must now ensure that all entities, new and old, are poised to work together toward a common vision and collectivelyRead MoreFailure Analysis Change Strategy2108 Words   |  9 Pagesfailure analysis of an hotelier and how a CEO leads an organizational change processes to prevent an impending failure of the company. To co unterbalance the hotelier business failure analysis, the team discusses the success analysis of Apple Inc. The team identifies each organization’s mission and vision statements with a behavioral theory explanation discussing the success and failure indicators. Research focuses on which specific organizational behavior theories could possibly explain the company’sRead MoreOrganizational Structure and Strategic Design Lens Essay2075 Words   |  9 Pagesfacing low gross margins and struggles to meet both revenue and profit targets. Foreign and domestic competition continues to erode Dynacorp’s market share. This erosion is hastened by the company’s inability to effectively lower product cost and get new products to market in a timely fashion. Packaged solutions are still not available through Dynacorp. The impact of this continued decline is poor investor relations and lost market value. There is also a lack of organizational congruence and misalignmentRead MoreList Of The Major Issues Exacing The United States Health Care System1080 Words   |  5 PagesFinal Exam The expectation is that you will answer each question fully, bringing in components from the entire class. This will be graded on the following rubric for each question: grammar, spelling, addressing all components in the question, display of knowledge of concepts from the entire class, and the application of critical thinking processes that apply the concepts. Please use 12 point, plain font for your responses (leaving the questions bolded and italicized). Each question should have aRead MoreThe Critique Of Karl Marx Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pages Patterson provides archival research and contemporary analysis to defend the assertion that Karl Marx was one of the first urban anthropologists and a progenitor of emic ethnography in western culture. Patterson also aims to correct prior misinterpretations of Marx’s work in a polemic manner, addressing deficiencies in early analyses through careful argumentation and relevant evidence to contrary inferences. Patterson’s sta ted purpose is to answer the question â€Å"What would Marx’s anthropology lookRead MoreMgt2302279 Words   |  10 Pagesshould set clear company vision and mission, and cascade down to each individual’s performance plan. And this is a company vision, not a CEO personal goal, when the CEO changed, the vision should not be changed. A strong HR performance management culture is critical in large global organization. Organizations are surprising As Bolman suggested, what you expect is often not what you get. Again, we are working with human beings, unpredictable creature; everyone has a unique/different agenda. If everythingRead MoreCultural Impact on Effective Styles of Management3883 Words   |  16 PagesConsider how culture is likely to impact on: effects management styles? Business customs within a country are an extension of the country’s culture. There are many similarities in how business is conducted from country to country but the differences, if not properly adjusted for, often cause enormous problems. It is not necessary for a business person to forsake their ways and to change to conform to local customs but, rather, to be aware of differences and willing to accommodate those differencesRead MorePaul Levy - Beth Isreal Essay4090 Words   |  17 Pagesthat would turn around and save the not-for-profit company. In comparing the situation faced by BIDMC with Groysberg’s â€Å"Are Leaders Portable?† article, it becomes clear Levy possesses many â€Å"portable† qualities. Through the political frame we can see Levy has many political ties within the Boston area which making him a well respected and recognizable figure. The numerous connections he has within the area along with being familiar with Boston policies and practices gives him a high level of experienceRead MoreAnalysis : Office For Environmental Programs3344 Words   |  14 PagesArguably, nation states are playing a less prominent role in addressing major sustainability challenges than before. To e ffectively address these challenges, do we need much stronger leadership from nation states, or is effective leadership more likely to originate from elsewhere? Individual Research Essay Iaroshevska Olga Office for Environmental Programs The University of Melbourne 20 October 2014 Tutor/unit chair: Arnould Gallois; Sarah Robertson Master of Environment Sustainability

Compare Contrast Essay - 852 Words

In And After The War Young men who are sent to a war learn the reality in a very harsh and brutal way. Both the stories, ‘The Red Convertible’ and ‘The Things They Carried’ portray the life of a young soldier and how he psychologically gets affected from all the things he had seen in the war. Tim O’Brien’s ‘The Things They Carried,’ is more specific on the experiences of a soldier during a war where as Karen Louise Erdrich focuses more on describing the post war traumatic stress in her short story ‘The Red Convertible’. One thing similar in both the narrations is the Vietnam War and its consequences on the soldiers. From the background of both the authors it’s easy to conclude that Tim O’Brien being a war veteran emphasizes more on the†¦show more content†¦In Karen’s ‘The Red Convertible,’ the story is narrated by Lyman Lamartine who is the younger brother of Henry Junior who had just got back fr om Vietnam after the war was over. The whole story is narrated in a flashback unlike Tim’s ‘The Things They Carried’ where the story moves back and forth in time. For example when the author describes the things that the soldiers carried in the very beginning of the story, he mentions Ted Lavender carrying six or seven ounces of premium dope until he was shot. Karen emphasizes more on the relationship between brothers and compares the state of mind in which they were before and after the war. The younger brother Lyman hadn’t changed much where as the elder brother Henry was completely a different person after he got back from Vietnam. In both the stories authors have successfully shown the life of a young and happy bachelor until he was drafted to the war and then things changed drastically. In ‘The Things They Carried,’ author narrates Lieutenant Jimmy Cross as a romantic young boy who would carry letters from a girl named Martha. He knew the re was no such thing as love between them but he would still be hopeful that things might work out his way after the war is over and when he is sent back home. In the later part of the story after one of his soldier dies, he blames himself for what had happened. Though it can be argued that it wasn’t completely his fault but that’s what being in war can do to you. Whereas in ‘The RedShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast1441 Words   |  6 PagesThe Compare/ Contrast Essay First, let’s explain compare and contrast: When we compare, we show our readers a subjects similarities. When we contrast, we show our readers a subjects differences. Compare and Contrast essays are learning-process essays. You learn about your subject as you gather and organize information. This type of essay takes a bit of organization, and its this organizational process, this gathering of facts, that helps you learn as you go. You will create lists of qualitiesRead MoreCompare and Contrast1427 Words   |  6 PagesThe Compare/ Contrast Essay First, let’s explain compare and contrast: When we compare, we show our readers a subjects similarities. When we contrast, we show our readers a subjects differences. Compare and Contrast essays are learning-process essays. You learn about your subject as you gather and organize information. This type of essay takes a bit of organization, and its this organizational process, this gathering of facts, that helps you learn as you go. You will create listsRead MoreCompare and Contrast1582 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: COMPARE AND CONTRAST Compare and Contrast Self Administered Test Mary Coleman May 12, 2008 PSYU 565 Jeffrey A. Stone, PhD. Chapman University Compare and Contrast Self Administered Test The assignment for this week is to compare and contrast the results from three self administered tests we took in class. The tests I will compare and contrast are the 16 Personality Factors (16PF), the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and the Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis (T-JTA)Read Morecompare contrast1165 Words   |  5 Pageshe is more interested in men which leads readers to believe he has homosexual tendencies. After this Emily decides to kill Homer and thus resulting in her keeping his lifeless body in the room upstairs until the day she herself passes. When you compare the two stories they have a very similar tone. Though the locations are different they still connect through the same tone. Phoenix Jackson is on a trail walking to town to buy some medicine for her Grandson, while Miss Emily is locked up in her houseRead MoreCompare-Contrast1087 Words   |  5 PagesCompare-Contrast This paper is on compare-contrast of two advertisements dealing with two beauty products. One will be targeted towards men, while the other will be targeted towards women. The two beauty products advertisements that will be compared and contrast are the Axe Body Spray advertisement (18-19) and the Victoria’s Secret fragrance mist advertisement (Bath and Body Works). Both advertisements use different marketing promotions technique to try to get the attention and win over theirRead MoreCompare Contrast1072 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast Christopher Smith University of Phoenix COM-170 COMPOSITION AND COMMUNICATION I January 14, 2014 Regina Vega Compare and Contrast Growing up, there are countless young boys, who have the dream of someday being a professional football or baseball player. Going outside and letting the imagination of being on the big stage and making the final pitch to win the World Series or the final Hail Mary throw to win the SuperRead MoreCompare and Contrast1122 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay In today’s society the majority of the crimes are still being committed by people who have possessed a firearm that has been obtained illegally or without proper permits. That being said there has been a strong push for gun control because of the rise of shootings involving a large group of people such as the Columbine massacre, Virginia Tech shooting and latest Aurora movie theater shooting involving people who have purchased firearms legally. Gun control laws in theRead MoreCompare and Contrast778 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and contrast the way Seamus Heaney and at least one other poet describe their childhood experiences. The two poets I am writing about are Seamus Heaney and D H Laurence. The two poems by Seamus Heaney I will be writing about are death of a naturalist and blackberry picking. The poem by D H Laurence I will be writing about is discord in childhood. Death of a naturalist Death of a naturalist is about Seamus Heaney as a child going to this pond where every year he went to collect frogspawnRead MoreCompare and Contrast2738 Words   |  11 PagesCompare and Contrast Economic Market Systems In differentiating between market structures one has to compare and contrast public goods, private goods, common resources, and natural monopolies. All of these are major factors that need to be considered. Public goods are those goods in which all of society benefit from and are equally shared among everyone within. These types of goods can be consumed simultaneously by several individuals without diminishing the value of consumption to any individualRead MoreCompare and Contrast2751 Words   |  12 PagesCompare and Contrast Economic Market Systems In differentiating between market structures one has to compare and contrast public goods, private goods, common resources, and natural monopolies. All of these are major factors that need to be considered. Public goods are those goods in which all of society benefit from and are equally shared among everyone within. These types of goods can be consumed simultaneously by several individuals without diminishing the value of consumption to any individual

Two Professional Athletes of Nfl Football Free Essays

Two Professional Athletes Emmitt Smith and Jerry Rice both played College and NFL football, but for different Teams and they played different positions. They were the greatest football players in there Time when they were playing. Emmitt Smith also played football in high school and shined on the field there as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Professional Athletes of Nfl Football or any similar topic only for you Order Now He played football for Escambia High School in Pensacola, Florida. Escambia won the state Football championship, and Emmitt rushed for 106 touchdowns and 8,804 yards, which was the Second most yardage in the history of American high school football at the time. Emmitt rushed For over 100 yards in 45 of the 49 games he started for Escambia (including the last 28 in a row) Where he finished with a 7. 8 yards per carry average. Twice, he broke the 2,000 yard rushing mark in a Season. Emmitt was named the USA Today and Parade magazine high school player of the year For 1986. In 2007 twenty years after Emmitt had graduated from high school, the Florida High School Athletic Association named Emmitt to its â€Å"All-Century Team,† recognizing him as one of the 33 greatest Florida high school football players of the last 100 years. As part of its â€Å"100 Years of Florida High School Football† awards ceremony, Florida High School Athletic Association Named Emmitt as its â€Å"Player of the Century. † Emmitt Smith played College football for the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida Where he played for the Florida Gators from 1987 to 1989. He was picked by the Dallas Cowboys In the NFL Draft in 1990 round 1 pick 17. He retired from playing football in 2004. His position on The field when he played was running back. He played with Dallas Cowboys from (1990 to 2002), Then he went to play for the Arizona Cardinals from (2003 to 2004). He played NFL football for Fifteen seasons. Was considered the greatest running back in the NFL. With other team members Led his team to three Super Bowl Championships during the 1990s. While he played college football he shined on the field there as well. In his first full game, Emmitt promptly broke Florida’s 40-year- old all time single game rushing record, carrying 39 times For 224 yards and 2 touchdowns as the Gators upset the Crimson Tide. Emmitt went on to break The 1,000-yard barrier in the seventh game of his freshman season, the fastest any running back had Ever broken the barrier to begin his college career. He finished the 1987 season with 1,341 yards and Was named Southeastern Conference and National Freshman of the Year. He also finished 9th in that Year’s Heisman voting. In 1989 he finished his junior season with Florida records for rushing yards in A season with (1,599), rushing yards in a single game (316 versus New Mexico in 1989) longest rushing Play (96 yards against Mississippi State in 1988), career rushing yards (3,928), and career rushing Touchdowns of (36) among many others. In all Emmitt owned 58 school records at the conclusion of His Florida career. At the conclusion of his junior season in 1989 Emmitt was named a first-team SEC Selection for the third year and SEC Player of the Year, was a unanimous first-team All-American, and Finished seventh in the Heisman Trophy balloting. His senior year Emmitt decided to forego his senior Year at Florida and entered the NFL draft. Emmitt was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a â€Å"Gator Great† in 1999, the Gator Football Ring of Honor in 2006. Was inducted in the Pro-Football Hall of Fame in (2010). He holds many NFL records for rushing. NFL record for career rushing yards (18,355), NFL record for career rushing touchdowns (164), NFL Record for career 100- yard rushing games (78). He attempted (4,409), had receiving yards of (3,224), Touchdown receptions of (11), he had (515) receptions in his career. He played in 8 pro bowls from (1990 to 1999), 6 all pro games (1991 to 1995), 4 times NFL rushing leader (1991 to 1995), 3 time Super Bowl Champion (XXVII, XXVIII, XXX ), NFL 1990s all-decade team, ap NFL MVP (1993), NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year (1990), Super Bowl MVP (XXVIII), NEA NFL MVP (1991, 1992), PFWA NFL MVP (1993), Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor, Bert Bell Award (1993), Gator Football Ring of Honor University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame, Unanimous first-team All-American (1989). Jerry also played football for the high school football team of Starkville, Mississippi. He Outshined on the high school football field as well. Jerry Rice played college football for Mississippi Valley State University from 1980 to 1984. While on the football field playing college football his statistics from his college years are sparse. The College Football Hall of Fame website claims that Jerry, as a sophomore in 1982, caught (66) Passes for (1,133) yards and (7) touchdowns. That was all achieved in his first season. He also had a Record-setting 1983 campaign including NCAA marks for receptions (102) and receiving yards(1,450) He was named first-team Division I-AA All-America. He also set a single-game NCAA record for Catching 24 passes against Southern University. In 1985 the San Francisco 49er’s drafted Jerry in the 1985 NFL Draft round 1 pick 16. He retired in 2005. His position when he played on the field was wide receiver. He played with the San Francisco 49er’s from (1985 to 2000), he then went and played for the Oakland Raiders from (2001 to 2004), Then he went to play for the Seattle Seahawks for 1 season in (2004), after that season he went To the Denver Broncos and was on the team rooster for the season of (2005). *offseason and he was a practice squad member only. He played NFL football for a career spanning two decades. Was considered the greatest wide Receiver in the NFL. With other team members led his team to 2 super bowls for the San Francisco 49er’s, and then 1 super bowl for the Oakland Raiders. Was inducted in the Pro-Football Hall of Fame in (2010). Received many awards while playing For the NFL. Rated #1 NFL player of all-time by NFL. com, 2 times AP NFL Offensive player of the year (1987, 1993), 3 time NFC Offensive player of the Year (1986, 1987). Played in 13 Pro bowls from (1986 to 2002). 12 times all-pro selection (1986 to 2002), 3 times Super Bowl Champion (XXIII, XXIV, XXIX). Pro Bowl MVP (1996), Super Bowl MVP (XXIII), PFWA MVP (1988), UPI NFC Player of the Year (1988), UPI NFI-NFC Rookie of the Year (1985), Bert Bell Award (1987), NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team, NFL 1980s All-Decade Team, NFL 1990s All Decade Team, He also holds many NFL records. He had a total Receptions of (1,549), Receiving yards of (22,895) he has total touchdowns of (208), and has total points Scored of (1,256). As you can see these two football players where the greatest players of all time when they got On the football field to play. They out-shined many other football players on the same team as they Played for. They were exceptional players when they were at there prime. They were both inducted In the Pro-Football Hall of Fame in (2010). They were both inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in (2006). The difference between the two is that one was a running back, and the other was a Wide receiver. How to cite Two Professional Athletes of Nfl Football, Essay examples

Earnings Management Is a Necessary Business Tool to Ensure Financial

Question: Discuss about the Earnings Management Is a Necessary Business Tool to Ensure Financial ? Answer: Introduction Earning management is method that focuses on the positive presentation of the financial statements that improves the image and financial reporting of a company; nonetheless it is manipulative strategy to adjust profits with in accounting norms and legitimating (Phillips, 2010). The earning management aims to provide advantage to the business operators especially giant and multinational companies by misleading the profits reporting in the financial statements to entice the stakeholders and for the growth of business image and reputation. However, in the recent year earning management utility is one of the most concerned topics for researchers and scholars (Phillips, 2010). Similarly, this report is focused on the critical examination of earning management and its utility in accounting practices. This paper emphasised on the use of earning management as a true and fair view of operation. In addition to this, it identifies the agreement and disagreement pertaining to integration of earning management as a business tool that depicts the true and fair financial reporting. However, it is purely a choice of accounting manager to incorporate accounting policies and standards to attain the specific goals (Ronen and Yaari, 2008). Hence, this report is exploring the concept of earning management which is also known as creative accounting and window dressing in financial accounting to show the legit and true financial situation of the company. Earnings management is a necessary business tool to ensure financial accounts reflect a true and fair view of operations Financial accounting is a crucial part of financial management business function and operations for companys stakeholders (Zhu, 2012). The scientific approach in the accounting as positive accounting theory is very essential for corporate organisation and side by side earning management is also vital for financial management. In the view of many researchers and scholars earning management is an extremely controversial concept that tempers financial reports to favour the business operators (Bissessur, 2008). Disclosure management is being intentionally directed in favour of organisations and to divert the decision makers and investors. The external financial statements are manipulated for the personal interest along with following accounting standards and policies (Bissessur, 2008). These alternative accounting principles and policies are used to maximise the market value of behaviour or market share of the company in earning management under financial accounting theory. Likewise, the above points can be divided into two parts that is the financial reports are the only part which is influenced directly through earning management profits and there is no relation with the real profit earned by the company. In other words, it only amends the distribution of profit time of corporate earning and do not influence the actual profits of the company (Bissessur, 2008). Furthermore, the earning management is a legit practice with in the accounting standards and policies to manipulate the artificial revenues generated by the company and managing the false boundaries regarding financial accounting. The purpose of conducting earning management in the enterprise is to augment the market value of the company and to shift the decision making of investors and stakeholders in business operators favour (Leung, et al., 2012). It straightforwardly influences income or payment of the corporate business operators plus helps in exuding the smooth profits, increasing the market share prices and defaulted debts of corporate. Besides this, financial reporting is one of the performance measures in the corporate world, thus it is concluded as a need for the survival of the companies (Leung, et al., 2012). Similarly, in china capital market financial statements and reports are subjected to the government rules and regulations such as share placements, market behaviour, business listing and delisting is controlled by the government directly. Accrual management which includes changes in the accounting policies in the dues reported in the income statements are the part of earning management (Ronen and Yaari, 2008). In addition to this, it entails accrual management associated with change in the depreciable life of assets; changing accounting estimates adjustments of profits yearly and does not involves cash flows of income (Leung, et al., 2012). Therefore, it can be concluded that is related with the transactional planning and incorporating non accounting methods to adjust and manipulate financial management. Although, media and many researches shown that the concept of earning management is earning manipulation and adulteration of accounting facts for the personal benefits, yet it has various positive sides and advantages in accounting practices for shareholders of the company (U.S. Senate, 2010). As per the argument, the earning management is an internal information management to present the financial conditions to the shareholders as a communication method. It affects the cost of capital because of the internal business choices of information and communication related to the disclosure of accruals and different alternatives adopted by the accounting policies. It is been illustrated as a when a company chooses to depreciate its asset with the straight-line depreciation method , the financial condition of the company is assumed to be not good and considered as it cannot bear the accelerated depreciation (U.S. Senate, 2010). On the other hand, when a company adopts the accelerated depreci ation or double declining balanced depreciation, it is the indication of good financial condition of the company. Moreover, one of the advantages of earning management is to reduce the presentation of profits fluctuation which provides reliability to the investors as a long term aspects and depicts stability trend of revenue generation by the companies (Sun, 2010). Accordingly, there are various multinational and giant companies are there which effectively incorporates earning management to minimise the profits margin trend that exempts it from business cycle of the company by representing a smaller amount of variation in the corporate profits . In the same way, to make the flexible response of shareholders in adverse situations that can cause breach of contract to avoid corporate extra cost of capital, earning management is a very effective way to manage the situations and optimise the utilisation of profits (Sun, 2010). Furthermore, it has been observed that it is a neutral concep t of financial accounting and its incorporation helps the corporate organisation in stabilising the financial situation. Contrary to this, the earning management is short term behaviour that does not help the company in long run or physical growth or development (Ronen and Yaari, 2008). The reason behind its ineffectiveness is no elevation in the physical money of the company, damage of the interest distribution of the shareholders and same condition of operation difficulties. Along with this, basically it helps in influencing the decision making, judgement by misleading the accounting facts to the investors and demoralizes the efficient distribution of resources in market functions (Rittenhouse, 2013). It trims down the comparability of competitiveness within the companies, fair and credible information exchange and purpose of financial reporting to its stakeholders. Likewise, in china market incorporation of earning management has replaced the actual scenario of the organisation to a large extent that increases the market risk (Ronen and Yaari, 2008). The corporate earnings and revenues of the compan y are being fraudulently wrong figured to entice the shareholders and investors in the market. It is misleading tool to show and impress them with fictitious and unreal revenue of the company. Nonetheless, problem arises when investors and decision makers cannot identify the earning management, though some of the earning management forms can be recognised with cash flow statements and corporate reporting earning (Marai1 and Pavlovi?, 2014). It is the worst form to lose the capital market reliability as it indicates the financial reporting of entire system with accounting norms and policies that indicates the performance a company (Marai1 and Pavlovi?, 2014). The disingenuous scenario in the financial reports is concerned with the advanced income recognition in the statements, massive write-off of assets and research and development cost and impractical to extract preparation. Therefore, some of the researchers even concluded that the earning management is a very unhygienic practice which creates fictitious financial assessment of the organisation (Rosenfeld, 2000). However, financial reporting and statements are meant to present the actual and fair information about the as sets and liabilities of the company. Not only, earning management is not a part of ethical part of management but also points out the professional ethical conduct of the managers job (Tassadaq and Malik, 2015). Furthermore, it only considers the support for companys reputation that involves top management and their personal benefits, but equally ignores the reliability and trust of stakeholders of the company. Although, it is the practice which is considered to be legal and according to law but it is manipulation in profits which can harm the companys future if being materialistic loss occurs or actual reporting is being exposed in the market. Thus this conducts do not served as professional ethics of the managers and management of the company (Tassadaq and Malik, 2015). At the same time, it destroys the loyal corporate culture, mutual trust and sincere culture for some short term profit gained by the business operators putting entire organisations goodwill and reputation at the stake. Besides this, the earning management and its effectiveness in the accounting management is varied with different capital markets of different countries (Tassadaq and Malik, 2015). Developed capital markets have positive implication of earning management as the position of the companies are already focused in a growth and developed economy. Moreover, the accounting data signals are being used by the investors more prominently and with advanced methods which is the best feature in developed stock market environment (Yadav, 2013). On the other hand, less developed capital market in the economy responses less to the study of financial reporting and adversely affects the result of earning management. Due to unstable and vast variation in the deviation of actual profits makes it more notable to the investors and decision makers (Millstein, 2005). Thus it can be examined in the study that the role of economy and stock market condition that is developed and developing or less developed plays a crucial role in identifying the importance and benefits of earning management. In addition to this, the earning management use is also related with the judgement of the investors and stakeholders view on how many the financial statements can be manipulated (Mamo and Aliaj, 2014). Furthermore, what affects of the misleading information can be seen in the near future and how many times its affects will be seen in the financial reporting of the company (Verschoor, 2015). These all concerns are connected with the parameter to pass the designed and standards of the market presentation and to improve the market condition of the organisation. Due to this, many of the countrys governments have integrated rules and regulation of disclosure of financial statements worldwide and imposed various security norms and policy to protect the stakeholders interest (Ruiz, 2016). Pertaining to the reporting of financial statements display accounting information is being shared with the stakeholders of the company. Some of the regulations and policies of corporate governance and cor porate social responsibility is also being designed to restrict the misuse of earning management and improve the capital market condition worldwide (Mamo and Aliaj, 2014). There is a recent case was reported as scandal of Toshiba in 2015, where the management hiked its earnings and profits of more than $1.2 billion for around seven years (Soble, 2015). The scam of earning management is scene in more than one company and in different countries including various multinational and big companies. Toshiba is a very well known technical advanced company, but its reputation and corporate culture to compromise ethical conduct due to immense pressure from management lead this massive scandal by the division manager. The committee had also investigated further and found that the scam of misrepresentation of net profits was intentional by all the senior leaders (Wokukwu, 2015). The fraud was systematically carried on by the senerial leaders by explaining reasonable explanation and insufficient information to the auditing team regarding deliberation of fictitious revenue. Along with this, accounting department systematically arranged all the reports as per earning management for over seven years that lastly exposed them as accounting scandal. The vice president of the company was held responsible to the scam and resigned from his post. This Japanese company is being doubted after the scale of the misrepresentation in the accounting through earning management which is also been used by the Olympus company in 2011 (Soble, 2015). Therefore there are various incidents that evoke the earning management as an evil practice to mislead the investors of the company. In the end, this report unfolds the concept of earning management practices that does not provide the actual scenario of the financial accounting and leads to various scams and scandals of multinational and big companies (Wokukwu, 2015). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be interpreted that earnings management is a necessary business tool to ensure financial accounts reflect a true and fair view of operations is a false statement. Some of the highlighted part of the discussion includes the pros and cons of the earning management. The earning management is desired for some of the companies where the presentation is very much important but has only short term represented affect and does not have any materialistic lose. On the hand, it has been analysed that earning management is misleading the information and misrepresentation of accounting to attract the investors and personal benefits of business operators. The above research has also depicted some of the methods such as huge write off of assets and expenses, allocation of resources and profits in different time frames that has been implemented to raise the earning management. The reason of its use is simply related with the image augmentation and market share price increase. Along with this, earning management is also depend on the capital market conditions of any country which stimulates its positive and negative side in the economy to the investors. References Bissessur, S. W. 2008. Earnings quality and earnings management. Rozenberg Publishers. Leung, P. et al. 2012. Modern Auditing and Assurance Services. 5th ed. John Wiley Sons. Mamo, J., and Aliaj, A. 2014. Accounting manipulation and its effects in the Financial statements of albanian entities. Interdisplinary Journal of Research and Development 1(2), pp. 55-60. Marai1, A., and Pavlovi?, V. 2014. An overview of earnings management measurement Approaches: development and evaluation. Economics and Organization 11(1), pp. 21 36. Millstein, I. 2005. When earnings management becomes cooking the books. [Online].Available at: https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/90ce4c50-cdd3-11d9-9a8a-00000e2511c8.html?ft_site=falcondesktop=true [Accessed on 05 April 2017]. Phillips, J. 2010. PMP Project Management Professional Lab Manual. McGraw Hill Professional. Rittenhouse, L. J. 2012. Investing Between the Lines: How to Make Smarter Decisions By Decoding CEO Communications. McGraw Hill Professional. Rittenhouse, L. J. 2013. Investing between the Lines with Warren Buffet. McGraw Hill Professional. Ronen, J., and Yaari, V. 2008. Earnings Management: Emerging Insights in Theory, Practice, and Research. Springer Science Business Media. Rosenfeld, P. 2000. What Drives Earnings Management? [Online].Available at: https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/issues/2000/oct/whatdrivesearningsmanagement.html [Accessed on 05 April 2017]. Ruiz,C. V. 2016. Literature review of earnings management: Who, why, when, how and what for? [Online].Available at: https://verkkolehdet.jamk.fi/finnish-business-review/files/2016/03/FBR-2015-5.pdf [Accessed on 05 April 2017]. Soble, J. 2015. Toshiba Inflated Earnings by $1.2 Billion, a Panel of Experts Says. [Online].Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/21/business/international/internal-panel-says-toshiba-inflated-earnings-by-1-2-billion.html?_r=0 [Accessed on 05 April 2017]. Sun, B. 2010. Executive Compensation and Earnings Management Under Moral Hazard. DIANE Publishing. Tassadaq, F. And Malik, Q. A. 2015. 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Springer Science Business Media.

Ammoco Caediz Essay Example

Ammoco Caediz Essay On the morning of the 16 March 1978, the oil tanker Amoco Cadiz owned by Amoco Transport Co. suffered a technical failure of the steering system off the coast of Finistere in Brittany, France. The tanker was transporting 227,000 tonnes of crude oil from the Persian Gulf to Rotterdam (Netherlands) when the ship began to drift towards the coastline in a heavy storm. (Tides, 2008). The reason for the steering gear failure was seen to be because of the stormy weather conditions that the ship was facing. At 9:15 the Captain Pasquale Bandari hoisted the international signal for Not Under Command. But he did not request assistance until 11:20, when his engineer determined that the damage was irreparable. Two unsuccessful towing attempts the first a towrope, thrown at 1:30 am, this broke three hours later. Despite all the efforts made by the crews of both ships, the Amoco Cadiz started drifting to shore where touching the bottom ripped open the hull and storage tanks before stopping on the Portsall Rocks on the Breton coast. cedre, 2008)The crew of the tanker was rescued by helicopter, but the ship broke in two releasing 230,000 tons of crude oil. This spread through the English Channel. The oil spill polluted approximately 300 kilometres of coastline, destroying fisheries, oysters and seaweed beds and also 76 beaches in the Breton community. (Lenntech, 2006) This was seen as the worst oil disaster the world had seen at that time. After the steering had failed the captain had made some unwise decisions that were made under pressure. It took 1 hour 45 minutes before the tug boat was called for. We will write a custom essay sample on Ammoco Caediz specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ammoco Caediz specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ammoco Caediz specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It also took 1 hour 30 minutes to negotiate a towing contract this did not help with the language problems with both parties. The second tow for the ship was very badly coordinated. All of these examples led to the ship splitting in half and losing all of the oil. (Kristiansen, 2005) Having a single propeller and also a single rudder the Amoco Cadiz was at risk of the steering gear failing. This became a reality when it happened and the crew could do nothing to repair it. The fact was that the crew where ill prepared for the steering gear to fail. If they were more prepared or had two propellers this tragedy might not have happened. (Kristiansen, 2005) BIB http://www. cedre. fr/en/spill/amoco/amoco. php http://www. lenntech. com/environmental-disasters. htm#1. _Bhopal:_the_Union_Carbide_gas_leak http://www. kozacky. com/site/files/789/74616/284382/393597/matter_oil_spill_by. pdf http://www. itopf. com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/alist. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Amoco_Cadiz http://news. bbc. co. uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/24/newsid_2531000/2531211. stm

Genetic Engineering and Its Dangers essays

Genetic Engineering and Its Dangers essays Genetic engineering, genetic modification, and genetic manipulation are terms that mean the same thing: the reshuffling of genes usually from one species to another; existing examples include: from fish to tomato or from human to pig. Today genetic engineered products are mixed in our foods and on the shelves at supermarkets. Some of these products have no warning or notice of them being genetically modified in any way. Research has discovered dangerous effects of genetically modified foods and many are oblivious to this because of the lack of information on these products. The dangers of genetic engineering, especially in foods, should be made aware to consumers so that they know what is being put into their bodies and the effect it can have on them. To understand the dangerous effects of genetically modified foods a general description of genetic engineering is needed. Genetic Engineering is used to take genes and segments of DNA from one species and put them into another. To do this, techniques are used to cut DNA randomly or at specific sites. Once different segments of DNA are isolated, they can be studied and multiplied and put next to any other DNA of another cell or organism. This makes it possible to transfer information between unrelated species. Each gene will need a flag that the species will recognize so that it will be accepted. The final stage is often perceived as a precise method, but placing the gene into the higher species lacks precision and predictability. The new gene can end up in the wrong place or connected to the wrong gene which can disrupt its function. Even though this process is used to help the function of the new gene, it also causes more interference and enhances the risks of unpredictable effect s. Some critics refer to genetic engineering as a test tube science that has been used prematurely used in being applied to food production. A gene studied in a test tube can only tell what t...

What does the use of the Term Equality infer to in the Context of Essay

What does the use of the Term Equality infer to in the Context of Employment - Essay Example This is regardless of their individual race, sexual orientation, needs, belief or religion, age or gender. Equality has also been variously described as not only attempting to try and treat everyone in a right and equal manner, but trying to treat various individuals in a manner that will ensure that the general outcome will be found to be similar for all the concerned individuals (Dautrich and Yalof 2012). Importance of Equality Equality is seen to not necessarily mean that that women should now be assigned more duties pertaining to construction labor or that their male colleagues should be assigned more secretarial functions. Equality is perceived to be critically important as most individuals are seen to be not contented to be perceived as being second class citizens as a result of there being some inequality in an organization. Without proper inequality in an organization, the employees who are seen to be given less than equal treatment will eventually shut down, distance themselves and reduce their overall productivity much to the detriment of the concerned organization (Academic, 2008). In the event that a given organization fails to implement measures designed to promote equality, there can naturally develop a subsequent exclusion of some of the employees as a result of some of their working in some of the marginalized situations (Kornblum and Smith, 2012). These employees are se en to tend to feel as if they are unable to function as an active part of the organization even if this was not the organization’s original intention. Organizations can be able to achieve a measure of equality by ensuring that the employees have been ably supported to be able to easily access the organizational resources and decision making. This can be further enhanced by ensuring that the employees are valued, recognized and adequately respected within the organization. Models of Equality There are a number of different models of equality that have been develop to aid organizations in ensuring that they implement policies and procedures that will ensure that they maintain utmost equality. Some of these Equality models are seen to variously include: Equal Opportunity as Equal Share (Radical Approach) Equal Opportunity as Equal Access (Liberal Approach) Equal Opportunity as Equal Treatment (Reactionary Approach) Equal Opportunity as Equal Share (Radical Approach) The equal op portunity as equal share approach that is popularly termed as being the radical approach is seen to try and seek to make a direct intervention in the workplace practices with the sole objective of attempting to try and achieve some form of a fair distribution of rewards among the organization’s employees as is primarily measured by some established criterion of worth and moral value. The radical approach emphasizes on justice and freedom being the collective responsibility of all the individuals involved within the organization. It can thus be see the radical approach is primarily concerned with the eventual outcome of the contest as opposed to the established rules of the game (Kumra, Manfredi and Vickers, 2011), it is characterized with being more concerned with the fair distribution of the rewards achieves as opposed to being more concerned with the actual fairness of the procedure. In line with this approach, Jewson and Mason (1986) are keen to argue that although discrim ination tends to mostly affect specific individuals, it can nevertheless only be identified at the group level. In this respect, it is generally found to

Employment and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Employment and Society - Essay Example d). Alienation, lack of job security and emotions are the major factors which increases stress at workplace. Competition is really tough currently in the business world and both the managers and the workers are under tremendous pressure to meet the targets and the deadlines. Thus managers are forced to adopt aggression at workplace in order to derive maximum out of the employees which will increase the stress levels of both the employees and the managers. It is difficult for a manager to adopt democratic style of functioning always and the instructions from the top forced them to share some of the stress they are getting from the top to the workers as well and this may often happen in the form of aggression. Lack of job security is another cause for the increased stress at workplace. The current global recession has broken the backbones of many organizations and the employers forced to cut down the employees and their salaries. Insecurity in employment is always a worrying factor for the employees which may increase their stress level. The living standards are changing rapidly and it is difficult for the people to find their livelihood even with the help of a good job. Under such circumstances, insecurity of jobs always creates panic among the employees. Emotions are the third factor which may increase the job stress. For example, most of the people are struggling to find enough time for fulfilling their family and social commitments because of the increased responsibilities at the workplace. Many working people are often complaining that they are not getting enough time to spend with their family. Moreover, leisure time for enjoyment and relaxation are also less because of the increased responsibilities at the workplace. Thus the employees forced to work like machines at the workplace hiding or suppressing all their emotions which increases their stress level immensely. â€Å"Flexibility is about an employee and an employer making changes to when,

(business information system) DIRECT LINE reviews and system Essay

(business information system) DIRECT LINE reviews and system aquisition - Essay Example Beal’s (the IT director for the company) strategy the company focuses on building software systems in house rather than outsourcing the development. Therefore, according to his vision the company can do much better by developing products in house. It enables them to get a better understanding of the work domain and the exact requirements of the product. Similarly, in house development will also help in reducing non functional errors, as most of the performance related metrics would be known prior to the coding phase. On the other hand, recently the company has diverted from its long followed strategy of custom made in house products to buying vendor made products. Hence, the company has started to consider outsourcing as an option for the system development and acquisitions. The outsourcing of software products is proven from the fact that Mr. Beal purchased CRM software named Chordiant from a US supplier. Hence, the two system acquisition techniques by Direct Line are classified as in house development and outsourcing. Both have their pros and cons, their importance can only be justified when both the techniques are applied to a business problem. Sometimes it may seem feasible to adopt in house development while in others outsourcing might prove to be more efficient. There are numerous reasons for employing the in house development approach for software systems. These include efficient use of the programming and IT staff. By ensuring that products are developed in house the IT staff is not episodically involved rather they are involved throughout the development process and later in the support process. Other reasons include a better understanding of the problem domain and the associated work areas. Therefore, by developing systems in house the IT department can solve the problem more efficiently. Another benefit from in house development to the company is that the development is incremental and it can be easily integrated with the existing

Circuit Protection and Utilisation of Electricity

Circuit Protection and Utilisation of Electricity Task 1 With the aid of suitable diagrams, describe in detail, the construction and operating principles of the following circuit breakers. Include in your description the advantages and disadvantages of each a) Oil circuit breaker An oil circuit breaker or OCB is a type of device which uses different kinds of oils as insulating materials/dielectrics in order to reduce the arc when activated. The circuit breaker will have two contacts that are forced to separate while being submersed in oil, the oil is there to evaporate any heat produced by the arc when the breaker is tripped. An OCB is made up of a metal tank to contain the oil and contacts, contacts for carrying the current and the oil which is the insulating material that stops an arc occurring. The operation of this type of breaker is simple, the contacts start off in the closed position so that the circuit is complete and when a fault occurs the contacts are then forced apart causing an arc to form. Sometimes an arc can emit heat which can damage the circuit and machinery, this is why we use the oil to evaporate the heat. The oil will be turned into gas(hydrogen) and then slowly displace any oil left, the arc will be extinguished when the contacts move fa r away from each other. The OCB contacts can sometimes get burnt when arcing has occurred and carbon can form in the area around the contacts. The carbon makes the oil lose dielectric strength and therefore means that the circuit breaker is less effective at breaking the current. The OCB needs to be drained and refilled when it has tripped, also the contacts need to be closely inspected for burning or carbon build up. There are two types of oil circuit breaker: Bulk Oil- This is a circuit breaker that requires larger amounts of oil so that the arc can be extinguished. These circuit breakers can also be known as dead tank'(Circuit globe, 2016) because the tank is positioned at ground potential. If the voltage is higher then more oil will be required as the arc will be stronger and harder to extinguish. Another use of this circuit breaker is to insulate all live parts in the breaker from the earth. Minimum Oil- This circuit breaker aims to use the minimum required oil that is possible, instead of extinguishing the arc completely using oil it also uses porcelain. The porcelain insulates the circuit breaker live parts from the earth. The chamber of the breaker is lined with bakelised (Circuit globe, 2016) paper, this paper has good mechanical and electrical properties. The tube moves vertically in order to break contact, when the contacts start to separate then oil is forced into the cylinder to reduce arcing. The advantages of OCBs: Due to the oil having a high dielectric strength'(Circuit globe, 2016) it can be used as insulation once the arc has been dealt with. The hydrogen produced due to the evaporation of the oil is good for cooling the device and diffusing. The oil creates a clearing in the conductors and the earth components. The disadvantages of OCBs: The oil is flammable which means that fires are able to be started with it. The oils dielectric strength decreases due to the carbon particles that pollute it. Since the tank isnt always air tight this leaves room for dangerous mixture of air which could result in explosive substances being created. -If the tank needed is large then it can be expensive. b) Vacuum interrupter A vacuum circuit breaker or VCB is a type of circuit breaker that uses a vacuum to extinguish the arc. This works best on weaker voltages, as higher voltages will be too strong to extinguish. The breaker can be made of steel and consists of a chamber which is the vacuum interrupter, the material for the contacts needs to be perfect as otherwise there wont be an effective connection. The application of this type of circuit breaker is to switch HV devices, they are as effective as SF6 breakers which have a big chance of leakage. The reason it is better than other circuit breakers is because when the contacts separate inside the vacuum they have a greater dielectric strength which builds up so that it is thousands of times higher than normal circuit breakers. Advantages to a VCB: Since there isnt any material or substance inside the chamber theres no risk of fire They have a good service life as they have minimal parts Due to the fact that it doesnt use harmful gases or substances it is safer for people to work on and for the environment. The replacement and maintenance is much easier. they can be used repeatedly. There are no gases inside which means that there is no room for gas emission leakage. Disadvantages to a VCB: when the vacuum has been damaged, failed to extinguish the arc or loses the vacuum it cant be repaired on site. This is due to the complex design and conditions that it needs to be fixed. the vacuum interrupter will need surge suppressors (Hub pages, January 2 2014) that are in parallel with the phase interrupters with low currents. they are uneconomical if only small quantities are being made c) HRC liquid fuse A HRC liquid fuse is a high voltage fuse which have a relatively high current rating and breaking capacity. This means that the fuse can be used in some high voltage applications, high voltage fuses need specific designs so that they can handle it without breaking. There are two types of HRC fuse: Liquid type HV HRC fuse: This type of fuse is filled with a fluid called Carbon tetrachloride (Circuit globe, 2016) and they can be used for a large number of high voltage applications. They can protect circuits that have a 400 A rating or higher, their breaking capacity is around 6100 A when used on a circuit with a 33KV supply. This fuse is made up of a glass tubing filled with the above fluid and it has brass caps on either end. There is also a fuse link which gets fixed to one of the caps and then the other end is attached to a bronze spiral fixed onto the other cap. When the limit of current is exceeded then the fuse link will be blown, this will retract the spring so that it hits a liquid detector. When the arc is created and extinguished a small quantity of gas will be produced, fuses arent normally used as the first protective method for a circuit. The circuit will have other circuit breakers, if the circuit breakers fail then the fuse will blow. Advantages: cheaper than other circuit protecting devices -Maintenance is not required Is able to be used in high and low voltage applications The operation/breaking of the fuse is automatic Disadvantages: the fuse needs be rewired or replaced when blown the fuse can sometimes have tripping time issues when dealing with different voltages. Cartridge type HV HRC fuse: This type of fuse is very similar to low voltage fuses however there is a specific component that makes it effective at extinguishing high voltage arcs. The only difference in the design I that the wire is wound into a ring shape so that the corona effect can be avoided, the corona effect is the ionization of a fluid surrounding a conductor that is electrically charged (wiki user, 2016). some applications may require two fuses to be put in parallel, one of them will have a low resistance and the other a high resistance so that the low resistance will blow first and slightly reduce the stress on the circuit when it breaks. This type of fuse can be used up to 33kv as they have a breaking capacity of about 8,760 A. Advantages: They dont deteriorate over time They have a high speed of operation No maintenance is required It is cheaper than other methods They can be used for both high and low voltage applications Disadvantages: After it has blown it must be replaced when an arc occurs it produces heat energy which means that it is a fire hazard and can damage some of the components inside d) HRC expulsion fuse This type of fuse uses gases produced by the arc and its lining to extinguish the arc, it also is vented to let the gas out. The fuse link can be surrounded by liquid which turn into gas such as boric acid (Wiki User, 2016) when the fuse is blown the heat from the arc will make the boric acid change into gas. The gas will then quickly extinguish the arc, the gas also will explosively burst out the ends of the fuse and this is the reason they must only be used outside. There is usually a type of pin so that you can manually blow all three phases in case only one had gone. This fuse can be used with very high amperage as well as low voltage. Advantages: No maintenance is required Cheaper than other types of circuit breaker Simple installation Disadvantages: Can be dangerous when blown as there is an explosive part in the process Damage to other devices may occur if they are in close vicinity to the fuse at time of breaking Needs to be replaced and repaired when blown Task 2 Produce suitably labelled diagrams and produce a detailed explanation of the principles of operation of an inverse definite minimum time relay. An inverse definite minimum time relay AKA IDMT relay is a circuit protection device that consists of an upper electromagnet which has two windings, There is a primary and a secondary. The primary winding is attached to the current transformer that is on the line that is in need of protection and has eight tappings. The tappings are connected to a plug which sets the bridge by the number of turns that will be used, the settings then can be adjusted so that required current setting can be achieved. The secondary winding is then energized by the induction effect and is wound over the limb in the middle of the upper electromagnet, it also spreads over the limbs of the lower electromagnet. There is a disc which has flux leakages, the flux leakage comes from the upper electro magnet and it is in phase with a disc on the lower electromagnet. Te disc has a spindle which has a moving contact that connects two of the fixed contacts when it has rotated into a certain position. The setting of t his position or angle varies, it can vary from 0 to 360. This device operates during overload conditions, when over current occurs this device will protect the circuit from any damage that may be caused. An 11 kV three phase system develops a 159 MVA line to line short circuit. The system is protected by a scheme using 500/1 ratio Current Transformer rated at 5 A and IDMT relays. Determine the operating time for the relays if the time multipliers were set to 0.45 s and the plug setting was 120 %. IDMT relay current characteristic curve Task 3 Describe with the aid of diagrams the importance of properly earthing equipment. With the aid of diagrams describe the following methods of earth fault protection: Earth fault relay. Residual current device. Use examples of earth fault protection at your place of work. a) There are many risks within my workplace however one of the main risks is electricity, it is very important that I am protected from this risk as it can cause severe injury or fatality. To ground something means to attach a path for the electrical current to return to the ground safely. This will stop the current using us as paths, when a short circuit occurs the current will find the easiest way back to the ground. There are a few main reasons for grounding all electrical equipment: Prevent Damage to equipment, injury or death This is the most important reason in my opinion as it will literally protect our lives. The most important aspect to work is safety which means making all equipment safe for use, we do this by earthing it and doing PAT testing. PAT testing (Portable appliance testing) is in place to make sure that the equipment works and will not hurt or damage itself/others. Electricity is very dangerous and can arc if not earthed or correctly encased, it can cause death and injuries which could affect the rest of someones life. Electrical overload protection this means that it will protect us from any surges that may occur, this could be a surge in current or perhaps a lightning strike. If the equipment is earthed then the surge will go straight into the ground, if however it isnt then it would go into whatever was in contact with the equipment. Direction of electricity- The electricity will have a clear, safe path to the ground which means it is much safer for people to use the equipment. The current will be able to move safely and efficiently throughout the system without risk of hurting or damaging the circuit/person using it. Stabilization of voltage levels Grounding also makes sure that all the currents and power are distributed around the circuit to their proper places. This means that there is little room for over current and the circuit being broken, it provides a reference point for the voltage sources in the circuit system. The earth is the best conductor the earth is a very good conductor, the electricity which is trying to get to earth will also take the route with the least resistance. This is why we are perfect for connecting the appliance to the earth, grounding the system will give the electricity a better path. Grounding can be done individually at peoples houses by use of a metal rod or extendable metal pipe that runs into the house from the underground water supply. There are different types of Earthing/Grounding: Plate type- this is a method where a small metal plate is buried no more than 3 meters below the housing, it is connected to piping which is then connected to the houses service panel. Pipe type- the pipe or rod will have a set of terminals that copper conductors can connect to, the copper conductors then will be put into the service panel for the house, this would ground the houses electrical appliances. Strip/Wire Earthing- These are used between casings of metal equipment to earth/ground the device or machinery. It can be attached from the casing to another piece of metal that goes into the ground. b) i) Earth Fault Relay A relay is a device that is able to detect unordinary conditions within the system, it enables the correct circuit breakers to trip when over current is detected. Most relays operate with the induction principle, this means that when the relay operates its contacts are closed in the circuit and the passage of current within the coil in the trip circuit activates a plunger. The plunger then will activate the appropriate circuit breaker to trip, this means that the area of fault in the system is disconnected safely. This type of relay is basically there to trip the circuit breaker if there is a fault with the earthing pathway, this could be damaged cable or a build up in resistance causing excessive current. The induction principle consists of moving parts such as an aluminium disc fixed onto a shaft and this rotates on two bearings between the poles of an electromagnet and damping magnet. The electromagnet gets wound and has seven taps. The seven taps are on the front of the panel, th e tap that is required can be chosen by pushing in the plug. There is a setting called the pick-up current which can be varied via the use of a plug multiplier. The pick-up current values of earth fault relays are normally quite low. ii) Residual current device- A residual current device AKA an RCD is an electrical device that breaks a circuit when it senses that the current is unbalanced or overloaded between the line and neutral conductors. These devices are more effective at keeping the operator safe than fuses and circuit breakers are, they will prevent fatalities if someone were to touch a live part. They do this as they are highly sensitive and will switch off electrically if there is any fault. They make sure that the circuit is switched off if it detects electricity flowing down a wrong path, this could be caused by a cut or damaged wire coming into contact with something other than the severed cable. There are a few types of RCDs: Fixed- This device is used in consumer units and will protect a group of circuits or individual ones if that is what is required. It will protect anything in the circuit including any appliances attached to the circuit, the fixed RCD will offer a very quick protection from fatality or severe injury. Portable- This device is able to be plugged into the socket and will protect the equipment, lead and person touching the equipment. However it wont protect the whole circuit, if someone were to touch another part of the circuit they may still get electrocuted. Socket-outlet- This is basically a socket with a built in RCD, it can be used as a regular socket would be. It doesnt protect the whole circuit, it will protect the equipment plugged in and the leads, as well as the person touching the equipment. References: Circuit globe (2016) Oil Circuit Breaker [online] Available: http://circuitglobe.com/oil-circuit-breaker.html [Accessed: 21/12/2016] http://hubpages.com/technology/Vacuum-Circuit-Breakers-Advantages-Disadvantages https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge https://www.mepits.com/tutorial/472/Electrical/Electric-Fuse http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/dam/public/bussmann/Electrical/Resources/solution-center/technical_library/BUS_Ele_Tech_Lib_Fuses_E_Rated.pdf http://www.platinumelectricians.com.au/blog/importance-grounding-electrical-currents/ http://www.electricaltechnology.org/2015/05/earthing-and-electrical-grounding-types-of-earthing.html http://www.allinterview.com/showanswers/90014/what-is-idmt-relay-how-it-works.html http://cindulkar.tripod.com/lab13.pdf https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7P2OFC5tu-KPAZWBQAaA920vR9vZr623zOy-TptXRPVDFsuU0SteCmxwH9g5YFUpDxtnT3Q0RJMI6UT5qmPlE_o31PROxkxUQYjGre0JkcGxVR6qtljI7M-xC0IqgOqKR9x3ioqDlHbRg/s1600/power+system+protection+13.png http://www.itmikro.com/app/webroot/UploadedContent/images/pro_3_1.png http://www.electricalsafetyfirst.org.uk/guides-and-advice/electrical-items/rcds-explained/

The Hopi Indians :: American America History

The Hopi Indians In the southwestern United States, above northern Arizona, are three mesas. The mesas create the home for the Hopi Indians. The Hopi have a deeply religious, isolated, tribal culture with a unique history. The Hopi stress group cooperation. The tribe is organized around a clan system. In a clan system, all the members consider themselves relatives. The clans form a social glue that has held the Hopi villages together. Clan membership provides a singular Hopi identity. The Hopi have a highly developed belief system which contains many gods and spirits. Ceremonies, rituals, dances, songs, and prayers are celebrated in year-round. The Hopi believed they were led to the arid southwestern region of America by their creator, because he knew they had the power to evoke rain with power and prayer. Consequently, the Hopi are connected to their land, its agricultural cycles and the constant quest for rainfall, in a religious way. The religious center of the community is the kiva, which is an underground room with a ladder protruding above the roof. The kiva is very important for several reasons. From the kiva, a connection is made with the center of the earth. Also, the kiva is symbolic for the emergence to this world. The room would represent the underworld and the ladder would represent the way to the upper world. In fact, a room is kept in the house to store ceremonial objects. A sacred ear of corn protects the room and symbolizes the ancestry of the fam ily members. Kachinas are also a focal point of the religion. For a Hopi, they signify spirits of ancestors, dieties of the natural world, or intermediaries between man and gods. The Hopi believe that they are the earth's caretakers, and with the successful performance of their ceremonial cycle, the world will remain in balance, the gods will be happy and rain will come. Because they think of their crops as gifts, the Hopi Indians live in harmony with the environment. Art is also used for ritualistic purposes. Men's loincloths were painted and decorated with tassels to symbolize falling rain. Men also wore elaborate costumes that include special headdresses, masks, and body paints during ritual ceremonies and dances. The Hopi follow a seasonal sense of time. Depending on the season, different preparations were used for collecting the rain. Droughts required the Hopis to adopt new farming methods that are still in use today.

Modern Short Story Essay

Modern Short Story Essay Early 20th Century authors often wrote about the strange things and discrepancies found in society and used irony to criticize them. Katherine Mansfield’s â€Å"A Cup of Tea† and Virginia Woolf’s â€Å"The Duchess and the Jeweller† both use irony to condemn and show inconsistencies in social classes. The short stories demonstrated how being upper class or rich doesn’t necessarily mean you are secure, generous or a good person. A main topic found in the two stories is that money can’t buy someone self esteem if they never had it.Both main characters seem to have everything but use material things to fill their insecurity and neither of them have what they really want. The Jeweller had become very wealthy and admired. He was envied by every man he encountered yet inside the Jeweller still felt inferior and as though â€Å"†¦he was a little boy in the alley where they sold dogs on Sunday. † (Woolf 6) At the e nd of the story the Jeweller sits back and thinks of how he was tricked and is the same fool he will always be.In â€Å"A Cup of Tea† Rosemary is â€Å"[A] young, brilliant, extremely modern, exquisitely well dressed, amazingly well read in the newest of the new books,† (Mansfield 1) woman. The only thing Rosemary lacks is physical appearance. She was not the best looking female and unfortunately that flaw bothered her and was one of the reasons she was so insecure. Rosemary is also rich and able to purchase anything she wanted. The only thing Rosemary couldn’t purchase was self esteem and this showed at the end of the story when she asks Phillip the simple question of â€Å"‘Am I pretty? † (Mansfield 8) Both stories show how the main characters satisfy their selfish needs instead of just doing the right thing. The Jeweller is an experienced and successful jeweler and knows he should make sure the pearls presented to him to purchase are authentic. T he Jeweller didn’t see what he was losing, â€Å"†¦he saw not the houses in Bond Street, but a dimpling river; and trout rising and salmon; and the Prime Minister; and himself too, in white waistcoat; and then, Diana. He looked down at the pearl in his hand.But how could he test it, in the light of the river, in the light of the eyes of Diana? But the eyes of the Duchess were on him. † (Woolf 6) Once he believes will get Diana and pictures himself as royalty, he quickly buys the pearls without testing them to fill his own selfish desires. As a result, he is tricked. In the other story Rosemary wants to bring home the little girl so she can show her off and play with her like a little toy doll to keep to herself. Instead of just helping the poor girl by giving her money, Rosemary thinks of her own selfish desires.When deciding whether or not to bring home the nameless girl Rosemary thinks â€Å"†¦such an adventure. It was something out of a novel by Dostoevsk y, this meeting in the dusk. Supposing she took the girl home? Supposing she did do one of these things she was always reading about or seeing on the stage, what would happen? It would be thrilling. And she heard herself saying afterwards to the amazement of her friends: ‘I simply took her home with me,’ as she stepped forward and said to that dim person beside her: ‘Come home to tea with me. †(Mansfield 3) Rosemary thought this would be her chance to impress her friends and show how much of a good woman she was. One final similarity found in the two stories is the demonstration of the upper wealthy class behaving immorally and manipulative. In the Duchess and the Jeweller the Duchess uses manipulation to cheat the Jeweller and get what she desires. The Duchess enters the Jeweller’s store claiming that she only has ten pearls, she states on page 4 that those ten pearls are â€Å"‘All that’s left me, dear Mr. Bacon,’† (Woolf 4).Not only was the Duchess able to guilt the Jeweller into getting she wanted she made him believe he was getting rewarded with the gift of spending a long weekend with her daughter and becoming part of royalty class. In â€Å"A Cup of Tea† Phillip was able to manipulate his wife Rosemary by aiming at her weak spot, which was her insecurity. Phillip believes that Rosemary bringing home the little girl is not amusing and an absurd thing to do. To trick Rosemary into getting the little girl to not stay for dinner Phillip attacks very sneakily.Phillip simply states â€Å"‘Good Lord! ’ Phillip struck a match. ‘She’s absolutely lovely. Look again, my child. I was bowled over when I came into your room just now. However†¦ I think you’re making a ghastly mistake. Sorry, darling, if I’m cruse and all that. But let me know if Miss Smith is going to dine with us in time for me to look up The Milliner’s Gazette’. † (Mans field 7) As soon as Phillip tells Rosemary all these things about the little girl Rosemary is came over by jealousy and wishes the little girl to leave.So not only does Phillip manipulate Rosemary but she then allows her own jealously to overcome her desire to help the poor girl. In conclusion, the two stories both successfully used irony to point out the how the upper class can be envied by all but still be insecure. They both exhibited main characters who are wealthy and seem to have it all but can still behave selfishly and when they do it can backfire with opposite results then they desired. The last realization is that even the highly regarded upper class can behave immorally and manipulate others.

Confucian Philosophy in the Han Dynasty Essay Example

Confucian Philosophy in the Han Dynasty Essay Example Confucian Philosophy in the Han Dynasty Essay Confucian Philosophy in the Han Dynasty Essay This paper will measure a brief rating of the rise of the Han Dynasty and how Confucian corresponds with it. With included mentions to writers. Tanner. Liang. Dubs. and Wang. will provide knowledge sing to Sima Qian’s historical points. incorporation of Confucian rules within the Han Dynasty and the emperor. and within the societal lives and households. I will foreground some of the major points of good factors to Confucian idea every bit good as a brief sentiment on how it isn’t ever good to establish a society of false claims sing to deity and how the society originated. However. I hope to do clear a better apprehension on why and how the Chinese people in general came to be in current twenty-four hours China. Before the initiation of the Han dynasty. minds of every band cited the Five Classicss to legalize their thoughts. but the transmittal of the Zhou’s cultural heritage was non clearly documented until Sima Qian ( 2nd century B. C. E. ) traced the survey of the Five Classics back to Confucius. Sima Qian finished an essay called The Collective Biographies of Confucians. which summarizes classical acquisition from the beginning of the Western Han to the terminal of the reign of Emperor Wu. He is considered the first great example of the Chinese historical tradition ; nevertheless. before he was able to complete his plants and had angered the emperor. he took the option of being castrated over controversial Hagiographas about a general that had been defeated and surrendered to the Xiongnu. to complete his Hagiographas. Sima Qian was a adult male dedicated to his work for which he chose emasculation over holding to perpetrate self-destruction. The manner of Sima Qian’s work was didactic. its intent to pass on the moral lessons of the yesteryear. ’ In both its organisation and its attack to history. the Records of the Grand Historian’ served as a theoretical account for all subsequent officially sanctioned Chinese historical authorship. Ban Gu finally took up Sima Qian’s work in 90 B. C. . although he was imprisoned at first for his unauthorised history of the Han emperor. but was freed subsequently due to the emperor’s liking of his work. Regardless whether the historical contexts of both Ban Gu and Sima Qian. it shows that the histories were frequently dishonorable due to the penchants of the elite. but as Ban Gu was pardoned. there might be more truth to what the Han’s historical yesteryear entails. It was during the former Han period that Confucianism developed from being the instruction of a few bookworms in a semi-retirement. at the terminal of the Chou period. to go the official doctrine of the authorities. which had to be adopted by anyone who hoped to come in public life. Although it was a gradual procedure. early Han emperors embraced Confucianism by integrating its instructions in instruction and set uping a Confucian Imperial University. which finally distributed literati among offices in the authorities. As this construct became bigger and more popular among the elite. the development of the scrutiny became outstanding as there was a high importance of literary ability and Confucian preparation. to be able to obtain a place within a authorities entity. It was believed that with all of the claimed advantages of Confucianism. unifying the state intellectually by doing one system of thought current among all educated work forces led to the lift of Confucianism. In 141 B. C. . Tung Chung-shu. advocated a rule to Emperor Wu that all non-Confucian doctrines should be destroyed with rational fusion of the country- Emperor Wu did move upon this by forbiding Legalism and promoting Confucianists to be his highest functionaries. With the rise of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. it non merely effected the elites’ primary penchants for what should be within the authorities organic structure. but it besides effected the position of the emperor himself. The construct of the cardinal authorities of the Han Dynasty from a Confucian position was that the swayer must be a adult male. be of baronial beginning. ordained by Heaven. holding great wisdom and virtuousness. and must be a swayer that is all-under-Heaven. To beef up the claim to the throne. all the swayers of China before Liu Pang were believed to hold been of godly beginning. However. the life Han swayer. like the swayers of other dynasties. was non regarded as a God. nor was any worship instituted for him. It was common pattern. as in all histories. to hold a greater societal distance between those who command and those who obey. frequently times through rites and ceremonials. The Confucian bookmans introduced ceremonials in 201 B. C. which was considered necessary for a new swayer to promote to an unapproachable place. This of class resulted in the emperor or swayer to be catapulted into the highest authorization. Much like in other imperiums. that due to this common pattern of utilizing deity as the chief facet of the throne. that anyone who goes against. protests. or is considered disrespectful. most frequently paid the monetary value through Draconian Torahs and normally sentenced to decease. The morality of Confucian belief as it was incorporated into the societal lives of the common people. besides included what the functions should be within the household. Ban Zhao ( 48? -116? CE ) . historian Ban Gu’s sister. was celebrated for her Hagiographas on the expected functions of adult females in Han society. Ban Zhao believed that it was the husband’s responsibility to command while the married woman serves him. but at the same clip the married woman would be allowed to be educated and literate. Ban Zhao farther references that the hubby and married woman must play their functions. but work forces have the ultimate duty to command and to hold authorization. She farther continues. If adult females are to understand and execute their expected functions. so they must larn to read so that they can larn from the same ritual texts as work forces do. This all of class is stemming and adding to the Confucian political orientation. Possibly. even though she was a singular matriarchal adult female. she believed that this political orientation is a basis for keeping a strong and healthy atomic household environment. In decision. it is really evident that Confucian political orientation was the chief fastness for both the Eastern and Western Han Dynasty. Confucianism. with Sima Qian. Ban Gu. Ban Zhao. and a coaction of other historiographers. had a major influence on how the elitists. the authorities. and the common people. were to travel about their day-to-day lives and follow what was considered a respectable societal order at that clip. The political orientation of Confucianism built a aura around the emperor to catapult him to a place of higher order. doing the people to look up to him instead than revolt against him for being in a place undeserving. As with many imperiums. which all rise and autumn at some point. the elitists and the emperor ever has a philosophical narrative which tries to explicate where its beginnings came from. sometimes mentioning the emperor as a God himself. In kernel. there is normally no land proof what the true history was. largely due to the perversion of some historians’ political orientation associating to their spiritual associations. Possibly excessively. with fright of Draconian Torahs and penalty. particularly with low self-esteem and high-ego type of authorization. that history in itself will merely boil down to his narrative. Regardless. despite whether or non the histories of Confucianism and the Han Dynasty are valid. there is strong grounds that the Confucian rules still exist today as we see in the current-day Chinese civilization sing to the societal lives and households of many.

Are You Willing to Relocate for a Job 5 Questions to Ask Yourself

Are You Willing to Relocate for a Job 5 Questions to Ask Yourself With the internet continually breaking down barriers, the job hunt has gone global. In fact, relocation rates are at their highest since 2009, according to analysis from the outplacement firm Challenger, Gray Christmas. Your perfect job may be hundreds - or even thousands! - of miles away, but while relocating may sound like a no-brainer, the fact is that many more factors go into the decision process than simply salary. Consider these five questions for determining whether relocating is right for you. Is this in your future?1. Can you maintain your standard of living?It’s easy to get carried away by a salary offer, but the truth is that compensation is relative due to cost of living differences.For example, let’s say you’re contemplating a cross-country move from Portland, Maine to San Francisco, California. According to NerdWallet’s handy Cost of Living Calculator, the cost of living is a whopping 54 percent higher in San Francisco than in Maine. More specifically, if your current salary is $50,000, you’d have to make more than $76,000 to maintain your current standard of living. Certain factors vary more than others: while transportation varies by just eight percent between the two cities, the cost of housing differs by a staggering 161 percent.2. Is the position stable?Job security is never guaranteed, but some jobs have more potential than others in terms of security. Before accepting a position and agreeing to uproot your life, do your homework. Has the potential employer been in business for a long time? Are they financial solvent? Sources like the Better Business Bureau, the company’s SEC filings, and even quick Google news search can turn up useful information about whether the benefits of relocating for a prospective company outweigh any accompanying risks.3. Are you prepared to pay steep moving costs?While some companies cover moving costs, this is becoming less common practice in today’s tight econ omy. In some cases relocation expenses are negotiable, so be sure to inquire about the possibility. And keep in mind: a company’s willingness to pay for your move demonstrates an appealing investment on their end.If relocation coverage isn’t possible, don’t underestimate how much you’re likely to spend on the process. While costs vary by family size, distance, and your household goods, the average price tag on a domestic move is nearly $13,000. If you don’t have these funds set aside, it can make or break the possibility of a move.4. How will your family be affected?Let’s face it: moving is no fun. And even the most seamless relocation can place stress on the family unit. Keep in mind that the move isn’t entirely about you, but about all of the members of your household. Are the long-term gains worth any temporary stress and/or upheaval?Be sure to check out everything from academic rankings to college matriculation statistics in advan ce in order to determine whether the schools, programs and resources are good.Also, don’t forget to take into account your partner’s career prospects, as well as your kids’ interests and activities.5. Will you enjoy living there?All cities and towns have their own unique strengths and weakness. Before agreeing to relocate, it’s helpful to first spend some time in the prospective city. Explore everything from neighborhoods and housing to shopping and attractions. This will help you get a sense of the local vibe.Choosing to accept a new job is a momentous decision on its own, let alone when a relocation is involved. By taking time to think through all of the considerations, you can make a decision that will ensure both professional and personal fulfillment. Wondering what jobs are out there waiting to be discovered? Sign up for real-time Job Matching today!

Discuss the view that entrepreneurship is chiefly concerned with Essay

Discuss the view that entrepreneurship is chiefly concerned with wealth creation in a small business context - Essay Example All entrepreneurships share the primary objective of increased profitability, this implies that the entrepreneur must employ every feature possible and manipulate the internal structure of the organization in order to increase its market share thus accumulating more wealth. Small businesses have smaller management structures, which make management easier thus steering the desired growth through wealth creation as discussed in the essay below. Entrepreneurs take risks on a daily basis. In their operations, they seek to increase their market shares thus compelling them to carry out extensive market researches with the view of increasing their operations. Small businesses feel the pressure since they have smaller capitals but have the desire to increase their capital bases through heightened wealth creation. To achieve such, most small businesses diversify their operations thus spreading their risks across several industries. Most small business suffers from uncertainty, by diversifying their operations and products they venture into different industries and markets thus retain a portion of every market. With such an operation, the businesses have a surety of an excellent performance in at least an industry thus cushioning the rest from possible loses. The uncertainty and the lack of adequate capital thus compel small entrepreneurs to view entrepreneurship as concerned with wealth creation. Bigger companies have well-structured decision-making organs and make decisive decision on their investments. Additionally, such businesses enjoy larger market shares and larger capital bases. They can therefore take risks and gamble with their investments. Such are the luxuries that smaller businesses do not enjoy. Smaller entrepreneurs approach the practice with the view of making more money and saving as much of it as possible. While a big business like Wells Fargo in the United Kingdom can decide to venture into real estate, a smaller business owned by a sole proprietor may not since such individuals lack adequate capital and may not dare risk their small capital on such a precarious industry. This depicts the inability of smaller businesses to carry out effective market research and capital drives. Big businesses use their money to create more capital while smaller businesses save up their profit in the process of capital accumulation and wealth creation (Peter, 1994). Management, a fundamental operational feature in businesses refers to the coordination of the people concerned in order to realize a set of goals and objectives. The management of small businesses is less coordinated owing to their small structures. Big businesses on the other hand have effectively coordinated structures and therefore make informed investment decisions less likely to incur losses. In a small business context, management is reduced to a one-person affair. Management in an organization comprises staffing, controlling, planning and organizing the activities in a business organization. The functions are all vital in the achievement of the objectives of the business (Homburg, Sabine & Harley, 2009). To big businesses, such functions are well coordinated by professionals who make effective decisions concerning the attainment of the organizational goals. Big organizations have elaborate structures and may not always benefit an individual. In such organizations, the longevity of the business and its sustained profitability is always of more importance

Macro economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Macro economics - Essay Example Such announcement made by British Prime Minister gave rise to multiple speculations regarding the probable effect of such referendum on UK and the world economy. As no member nation has exited the union prior to this declaration of referendum, the degree of speculation has become more prominent. Recently, Mr. Cameron has downplayed the possibility of an early referendum on the ground that they will need more time to present better negotiations in terms of acquiring more freedom in trade relationships and other regulations. Accordingly, he announced that it will take at least till end of 2017 to draw a conclusion on EU and UK relationship. However, significant arguments have already been originated in support or against of such referendum (â€Å"Viewpoints: How experts see UK role in EU†). The paper will explore all such pros and cons of UK leaving European Union as identified by economists and politicians. UK holds a significant part in influencing regulations and policy formulations of European Union. However, recent measures taken by UK gave rise to the question whether the country should remain a part of EU or not. In the next segment, the arguments in favor of UK to remain as a part of EU will be analyzed. It has been observed for a long time that many European countries such as Switzerland and Norway are operating successfully in the global market without participating in EU. Both of the countries operate as single markets and do not follow any regulations or legislations incorporated by European Union in their national activities through agriculture, service sectors, home affairs etc. The countries are liable to take their own decisions regarding international trade and are not restricted by imposition of regulations by any third party. UK, in order to enjoy such freedom in enhancing their trade relations with all the emerging and economically advanced countries in the world, must come out from EU (â€Å"House of Commons†). Such

Diagnosis and Assessment week 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diagnosis and Assessment week 1 - Essay Example As an example, in statistics, an abnormality may be the deviation from the average or the majority of other distributions. Intelligence is another area where there is a normal distribution of IQ scores, and then there are standard deviations that are higher or lower than the norm which can show an individual as genius (higher) or mentally retarded (lower). (Dewey, 2010). Society is structured with certain rules and controls that give people an understanding of normal. Normal in this situation is what the majority sees or does. People are expected to follow the rules and those who do not follow these rules are seen as abnormal. In other words, anything that goes against what is considered to be normal by the majority is considered abnormal. The DSM-IV-TR (2000) describes mental disorders rather than saying what is abnormal. They make a distinction between mental disorders and general medical conditions. The general medical condition is defined as any condition that is not a mental condition (American Psychiatric Association (APA), 2000). They suggest that "no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of mental disorder" (p. xxx). The APA also defines a mental disorder as a "clinically significant behavior or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress" (APA, p. xxxi). The challenge in using these definitions as a way to assess clients is that clients are labeled by these definitions. For insurance purpose, the counselor must be able to make some sort of diagnosis, but in giving an abnormal diagnosis, the client receives a label that may stay with them the rest of their lives. Designating a client as normal can also create problems because the idea of normal is different for different people. Culture brings another issue to this discussion because cultures have traditions and/or customs